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Елена в категроии Английский язык, вопрос открыт 28.03.2017 в 21:25

Form, Shape and Space in graphic design
Shapes are at the root of graphic design. They are figures
and forms that make up logos, illustrations and countless other
elements in all types of designs. Using shapes properly is one
of the keys to successful graphic design. The form, colour, size
and other characteristics for the shapes in a layout can determine
its mood and message. Soft, curved and rounded shapes
are perceived differently than sharp, angled shapes. The “white
space” or negative space left between shapes will also significantly
impact a design. Experimentation and altering of shapes
within a design can ultimately lead to the desired result.
Current graphics software has transformed the way graphic
designers can deal with shapes. Adobe Illustrator is the most
useful tool for shape creation and manipulation. Simple shapes
such as circles, squares and triangles can be created with a
click and drag of the mouse. Adjusting lines and curves using
the tools in Illustrator and similar programs can create more
complex shapes, of limitless dimensions. Colours, patterns,
opacity and other characteristics of shapes can easily be altered.
It is important for designers to master the shape tools within
their favourite software, as almost any shape that can be imagined
can now be created. Form and shape are areas or masses
which define objects in space. Form and shape imply space;
indeed they cannot exist without space.
There are various ways to categorize form and shape.
Form and shape can be thought of as either two dimensional or
three dimensional. Two dimensional form has width and
height. It can also create the illusion of three dimension objects.
Three dimensional shape has depth as well as width and height.
Form and shape can also be described as either organic or
geometric. Organic forms such as these snow-covered boulders
typically are irregular in outline, and often asymmetrical. Organic
forms are most often thought of as naturally occurring.
Shape is an area enclosed by a line. It visually describes an object.
It is two-dimensional with height and width. Shapes can be
geometric with straight edges and angels, such as squares, rectangles,
or triangles or circles; or they can be organic with irregular
and curvilinear lines. Organic shapes are found in nature-seashells,
flower petals, insects, animals, people! Form
looks like a three-dimensional shape. The object looks as if it
has height, width and depth. Artists use shading to create the illusion of form. The shading indicates depth by creating shadows.
Geometric forms are those which correspond to named
regular shapes, such as squares, rectangles, circles, cubes,
spheres, cones, and other regular forms. Architecture is usually
composed of geometric forms. These forms are most often
thought of as constructed or made. However, not all made objects
are geometric; many designed forms have irregular contours.
Nor are all naturally occurring objects organic; snowflakes
and soap bubbles are among many geometric forms
found in nature. There are some other terms commonly used to
describe form and shape in composition; these have to do with
what kind of representations the forms have. If we can recognize
every day objects and environments, we refer to the images
as being realistic, or naturalistic. However, if the images
are difficult or impossible to identify in terms of our normal,
daily visual experience, we may refer to the images as abstract.
Our perception of shape and form are affected by several factors.
The position or viewpoint from which we see an object
will emphasize or obscure certain features, and therefore affect
the impression it makes.
The character and source of light also changes the perceived
character of the object. Lighting in a photographic portrait,
for example, can make the subject look older, younger,
dramatic, or rather abstract. Value (the relative lightness or
darkness of a colour) can also define form. Strong contrasts in
value within a composition may define the boundaries of forms.
Gradations of value, or shading, can also create the illusion of
contour and volume. In the same way, hue contrasts and gradations
can also define forms. Form may also be defined by
change in texture, even when hue and value remain essentially
consistent. However, most typically, form is defined by a combination
of these factors. Forms and shapes can be thought of as
positive or negative. In a two dimensional composition, the objects
constitute the positive forms, while the background is the
negative space. The effective placement of objects in relation to
the surrounding negative space is essential for success in composition.
Some artists play with the reversal of positive and
negative space to create complex illusions.