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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Agriculture provides people with food, feed and other useful
products. All over the world farmers cultivate valuable plants and raise
productive domesticated animals. There are two main branches in
modern agriculture: crop production (or crop farming) and animal
husbandry (or animal farming).
Nowadays, in many countries people are still relying on meat, milk
and eggs as main sources of food. Both breeders and farmers have
already bred and are still breeding highly productive agricultural animals.
Animal farming is a process in which a farmer breeds, raises and cares
for livestock either for commerce or private use.
The word “livestock” refers to domesticated animals such as beef and
dairy cattle, sheep, goats, swine (hogs), horses, donkeys and mules,
buffalo, oxen, rabbits or “exotic” animals, for example, camels, emus,
ostriches, or any animal which a farmer keeps and uses either for food or
pleasure. Sometimes animal scientists include in this term also poultry,
such as chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys, but they include neither honey
bees nor fish within the term “livestock”. However, poultry farming and
beekeeping are important branches of agriculture as well as aquaculture1.
There are over a hundred large land mammals in the world but man has
domesticated only few types into livestock. There are two main requirements
for domestication of mammals: 1) the availability2 of feed which a farmer can
easily control and provide; 2) a rapid rate of reproduction3. As cattle, sheep
and horses are herbivorous mammals, farmers try to keep these domestic
animals on pastures. However, farmers often grow either cereals or other
agricultural crops as additional feed for their animals. Such ruminant animals
as cattle, sheep and goats are important for people because they convert large
quantities of grasses or other types of feeds, as well as non#protein nitrogen
into meat, milk and wool. Poultry also convert feed efficiently into protein.
Historically, livestock and poultry have provided the following benefits
to humanity4: meat, eggs, dairy products, raw materials, fertiliser,
labour, management5 of land.
1) Meat and eggs. In many countries livestock replaced wild game6
as the main source of animal protein because only livestock convert
various food sources into human food. Poultry provide people with white
meat as well as with eggs.
2) Dairy products. People process milk of cows, sheep, goats into
a variety of valuable dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice
cream, kefir, and koumiss.
3) Raw materials. Livestock produce useful raw materials, for
example, horses and cows provide leather, poultry produce feather and
down7, sheep and goats provide wool for textile industry.
4) Fertiliser. Livestock leave behind manure which farmers spread
on fields and this increases yields of crops many times. Historically, plant
and animal farming have been closely linked.
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5) Labour. In modern agriculture neither cattle nor horses are the
main source of mechanical energy. However, in some poor countries
people are still using livestock as draft cattle.
6) Management of land. Sometimes farmers use the grazing of
livestock as a way to control weeds8.
When a farmer is planning to rear livestock, he usually chooses the
most suitable type for the local conditions. Both climate and type of
land, as well as local traditions influence a farmer’s choice.