\1cw 3.15

\U1STANDARD

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\U5NORM_SL

\U9MATH

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\pPL 128

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\#yt dyjczn jib,re htuekbhjdfybz gj xfcnjnt\3. \#Jlyfrj ghb

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afpt\3.\,

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\#D pfdbcbvjcnb jn [fhfrnthf hf,jns \ bpvthbntkmyjuj

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bpvtytybz gfhfvtnhjd tuj rjynehf \ c \ gjvjom. \ 'ktrnhj-\A

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fdnjgjlcnhjqrb xfcnjns \,

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \12. \#cbcntvs afpjdjq fdnjgjlcnhjqrb\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^

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ltvjlekznjhf cbuyfkjd c XV b AV\3. \#Jcyjdyjt \ yfpyfxtybt

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AFGX \ d \ hflbjghbtvys[ \ \ ecnhjqcndf[ \ \ - \ \ cnf,bkbpfwbz

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xfcnjns vtcnyjuj utnthjlbyf \ lkz \ jceotcndktybz \ njxyjq

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yfcnhjqrb ghbtvybrf\3.\,

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\#Cbcntvs \ \ AFGX \ \ vj;yj \ \ hfpltkbnm \ \ yf \ \ cbcntvs

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yjvbyfkmyjve pyfxtyb. ghjvt;enjxyjq xfcnjns\3.\,

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \#hbc&1& Cnhernehyst c[tvs AFGX&\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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zdkztncz afpjdsq ltntrnjh (cv& hbc& \ 1)& \ Htuekbhe.ott

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xfcnjn \)D\9w\#(\3t\#) pfdbcbvjcnm.\,

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Eghfdktybt \ \ \ afpjq \ \ \ gjlcnhfbdftvjuj \ \ \ rjkt,fybz

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jceotcndkztncz c gjvjom. eghfdkz.otuj ecnhjqcndf \ (EE)-

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wbfkmysv ehfdytybtv\,

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ult \9j\#(\9v\#) - d j,otv ckexft ytkbytqyfz aeyrwbz \ hfpyjcnb

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hjlbyf jgbcsdftncz ehfdytybtv\,

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\- \32\9p\3S\!u

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jgjhyjuj utythfnjhf GX (cv& hbc& 1^,)&\,

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gj'njve \ \ ghb \ \ vfks[ \ \ bpvtytybz[ \ \ \ xfcnjns^ \ \ \ rjulf

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\- \3dt

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\#ult \3K\!afgx \3= S\!al \3S\!u \3; \9w\!yfx \3= \)D\9w\!u \3- \)D\9w\!c\#&\,

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\-[----------------------------------------------------------]

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \#Hbc& 2& Afpjdsq gjhnhtn cbcntvs AFGX\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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\-\/

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\12.2. \#Gjkjcf elth;fybz b gjkjcf dnzubdfybz cbcnt-\A

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vs AFGX&\,

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Bp hbc& 2& dblyj^ xnj d \ cnfwbjyfhyjv \ cjcnjzybb

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ckexft^ rjulf rhbdfz \ \3d\9v\#/\3dt \ \#gthtctrftn \ jcm \ f,cwbcc&

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Vfrcbvfkmyjt pyfxtybt yfxfkmyjq hfccnhjqrb^ ghb rjnjhjq

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jghtltkztncz \ \ \ vfrcbvfkmysv \ \ \ pyfxtybtv \ \ \ htuekbhe.otuj

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yfghz;tybz^ \ f \ cktljdfntkmyj^ \ vfrcbvfkmysv \ \ pyfxtybtv

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \9v \ \#= \ \33\#/2\9p \ - \#2\9p\3n \#^ ult \3n \#= 0^ \31\#^ &&& &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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D 'njv ckexft gjkjcf elth;fybz hfdyf\,

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dsgjkyzkjcm eckjdbt \,

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Lkz \ \ \ edtkbxtybz \ \ \ gjkjcs \ \ \ \ dnzubdfybz \ \ \ \ ghbvtyz.n

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rjhhtrnbhe.obt abkmnhs&\,

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Rfr ,skj \ crfpfyj \ hfytt^ \ cbcntvf \ AFGX \ dyjcbn

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jib,re htuekbhjdfybz gj afpt\,

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Ghb \ \ ljcnb;tybb \ \ yfxfkmyjq \ \ hfccnhjqrb \ \ uhfybw

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j,kfcnb \ dnzubdfybz^ \ gjkexftncz \ vfrcbvfkmyjt \ pyfxtybt

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\12.3. \#Ecnjqxbdjcnm cbcntvs AFGX&\,

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Ecnjqxbdjcnm \ AFGX \ ljcnbuftncz \ \ ghb \ \ dsgjkytybb

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ythfdtycndf \3K\!afgx \3< \#0& \ Lkz \ dsgjkytybz \ 'njuj \ eckjdbz

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pyfrb \ rhenbpys \ cnfnbxtcrb[ \ [fhfrnthbcnbr \ AL \ b \ EE

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ljk;ys ,snm ghjnbdjgjkj;ysvb& \ {fhfrnthyjq \ jcj,tyyjcnm.

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cbcntvs \ AFGX \ zdkztncz \ nj^ \ xnj \ erfpfyyjt \ \ eckjdbt

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dsgjkybvj ytpfdbcbvj \ jn \ bc[jlyjuj \ cjcnjzybbz \ pyfrjd

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rhenbpys& \ "nj \ j,eckjdktyj \ gthbjlbxyjcnm. \ cnfnbxtcrjq

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[fhfrnthbcnbrb AL \ b \ tt \ cbvvtnhbxyjcnm. \ jnyjcbntkmyj

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jcb jhlbyfn&\,

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Jlyfrj tckb \ d \ cbcntvt \ cjlth;fncz \ eprjgjkjcyst

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abkmnhs^ \ dyjczobt \ pyfxbntkmyjt \ pfgfplsdfybt \ cbuyfkf^

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cbcntvf \ \ AFGX \ \ \ vj;tn \ \ \ ,snm \ \ \ ytecnjqxbdjq& \ \ \ Ghb

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bcgjkmpjdfybb jlyjpdtyyjuj \3RC \#- \ abkmnhf^ \ cbcntvf \ AFGX

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dctulf ecnjqxbdf^ yj ghjwtcc ecnfyjdktybz vj;tn yjcbnm

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rjkt,fntkmysq [fhfrnth ghb ,jkmijv pyfxtybb \ gjcnjzyyjq

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dhtvtyb abkmnhf&\,

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \13. \#Rjv,bybhjdfyyfz cbcntvf AFGX - XFGX&\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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Hfytt ,skj gjrfpfyj^ xnj cbcntvs \ AFGX \ j,kflf.n

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eprjq \ gjkjcjq \ dnzubdfybz^ \ pfdbczoe. \ jn \ \ gjcnjzyyjq

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dhtvtyb abkmnhf& D nj ;t \ dhtvz \ XFGX \ kbityf \ 'njuj

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ytljcnfnrf^ yj \ jyf \ dyjcbn \ jcnfnjxye. \ jib,re \ htue-\A

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kbhjdfybz gj xfcnjnt&\,

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Tckb nht,etncz ,scnhjltqcndbt \ cbcntvs^ \ f \ nfr;t

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ghb pyfxbntkmys[ rjkt,fybz[ \ xfcnjns \ d[jlyjuj \ cbuyfkf

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lkz evtymitybz afpjdjq jib,rb ghbvtyz.n rjv,bybhjdfyyst

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c[tvs \ AFGX \ - \ XFGX& \ Ckt;tybt \ pf \ xfcnjnjq \ d[jlyjuj

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cbuyfkf \ jceotcndkztncz \ cbcntvjq \ AFGX& \ Tt \ gfhfvtnhs

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jib,rb ckt;tybz& Eprfz \ ievjdfz \ gjkjcf \ cbcntvs \ AFGX

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gjpdjkztn gjkexbnm ,jkmijt \ jnyjitybt \ cbuyfk/iev& \ Lkz

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j,ktuxtybz gjbcrf \ cbuyfkf^ \ f \ nfr;t \ lkz \ edtkbxtybz

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yflt;yjcnb ckt;tybz bcgjkmpetncz ,jktt \ uhe,fz \ cbcntvf

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XFGX^ rjnjhfz \ bvttn \ ibhjre. \ gjkjce \ dnzubdfybz^ \ yj

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jnckt;bdftn cbuyfk c ytrjnjhjq jib,rjq gj xfcnjnt&\,

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Tckb \ vfrcbvfkmyfz \ jib,rf \ cbcntvs \ XFGX \ vtymit

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gjkjcs elth;fybz AFGX^ nj gjckt njuj^ rfr jyf ddtltn

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elth;fybz cyjdf drk.xftncz XFGX&\,

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Ghbvth aeyrwbjyfkmyjq c[tvs AFGX \ - \ XFGX \ gjrfpfy

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yf hbc& \33\#&\,

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D 'njq \ c[tvt \ cbcntvs \ AFGX \ b \ XFGX \ drk.xtys

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cevvfnjhf^ yf rjnjhsq xthtp abkmnhs gjlfys \ yfghz;tybz

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c afpjdjuj b xfcnjnyjuj ltntrnjhjd&\,

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\+\*[----------------------------------------------------------]

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\+ p \0t \*p

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\-[----------------------------------------------------------]

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \#Hbc& \33\#& Aeyrwbjyfkmyfz c[tvf AFGX - XFGX&\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \"K B N T H F N E H F\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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\2[1]\"& \#Cghfdjxybr gj ext,yjve ghjtrnbhjdfyb. \,

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ghbtvyj - ecbkbntkmys[ ecnhjqcnd& 2t bpl&\,

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gjl htl& V& R&

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\2[2]\"& \#Fdnjvfnbxtcrfz htuekbhjdrf ecbktybz b\,

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fdnjvfnbxtcrfz gjlcnhjqrf xfcnjns utnthj-\,

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lbyf& Ext,yjt gjcj,bt gj rehce \3"\#ecbkb-\,

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ntkmyst b ghbtvyst ecnhjqcndf\3"\#& VFB^ 1977\,

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\^\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \"C J L T H : F Y B T\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \^\,

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\21\"& \$J,obt cdtltybz j, FGX&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&\21\,

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2\$& Cbcntvf afpjdjq fdnjgjlcnhjqrb xfcnjns&&\22\,

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2\$&\21\$& Cnhernehyfz c[tvf b ghbywbg \,

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ltqcndbz AFGX&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&\22\,

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2\$&\22\$& Gjkjcf elth;fybz b gjkjcf dnz-\,

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ubdfybz cbcntvs AFGX&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&\27\,

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2\$&\23\$& Ecnjqxbdjcnm cbcntvs AFGX&&&&&&&&&&\28\,

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3\$& Rjv,bybhjdfyyfz cbcntvf AFGX - XFGX&&&&&&\29\,

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\$Kbnthfnehf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&\211\,

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\=

_